The opposition effect in the outer Solar system: A comparative study of the phase function morphology     

Estelle Déau  Luke Dones  Sébastien Charnoz 《Planetary and Space Science》2009,57(11):1282-1301

In this paper, we characterize the morphology of the disk-integrated phase functions of satellites and rings around the giant planets of our solar system. We find that the shape of the phase function is accurately represented by a logarithmic model [Bobrov, M.S., 1970. Physical properties of Saturn's rings. In: Dollfus, A. (Ed.), Surfaces and Interiors of Planets and Satellites. Academic, New York, pp. 376-461]. For practical purposes, we also parametrize the phase curves by a linear-exponential model [Kaasalainen, S., Muinonen, K., Piironen, J., 2001. Comparative study on opposition effect of icy solar system objects. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 70, 529-543] and a simple linear-by-parts model [Lumme, K., Irvine, W.M., 1976. Photometry of Saturn's rings. Astronomical Journal 81, 865-893], which provides three morphological parameters: the amplitude A and the half-width at half-maximum (HWHM) of the opposition surge, and the slope S of the linear part of the phase function at larger phase angles.Our analysis demonstrates that all of these morphological parameters are correlated with the single-scattering albedos of the surfaces.By taking more accurately into consideration the finite angular size of the Sun, we find that the Galilean, Saturnian, Uranian and Neptunian satellites have similar HWHMs (?0.5^°), whereas they have a wide range of amplitudes A. The Moon has the largest HWHM (∼2^°). We interpret that as a consequence of the “solar size bias”, via the finite angular size of the Sun which varies dramatically from the Earth to Neptune. By applying a new method that attempts to morphologically deconvolve the phase function to the solar angular size, we find that icy and young surfaces, with active resurfacing, have the smallest values of A and HWHM, whereas dark objects (and perhaps older surfaces) such as the Moon, Nereid and Saturn's C ring have the largest A and HWHM.Comparison between multiple objects also shows that solar system objects belonging to the same planet have comparable opposition surges. This can be interpreted as a “planetary environmental effect” that acts to locally modify the regolith and the surface properties of objects which are in the same environment.  相似文献   

改进的热惯量模式及遥感土壤水分   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

张仁华 《地理研究》1990,9(2):101-112

本文提出一个考虑地表显热通量及潜热通量的热惯量模式。模式利用了地面定标的方法并充分利用了热象图的空间分布信息,因而较大幅度地提高了估算土壤水分含量的精度。  相似文献   

Convergence of Liapunov Series for Maclaurin Ellipsoids: Real Analysis     

Konstantin V. Kholshevnikov 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2003,87(3):257-261

According to the classical theory of equilibrium figures, surfaces of equal density, potential and pressure concur (let us call them isobars). Isobars can be represented by means of Liapunov power series in a small parameter q, in the first approximation coinciding with the centrifugal to gravitational force ratio at the equator. In [5] the convergence radius for Liapunov series was found in case of homogeneous equilibrium figures (Maclaurin ellipsoids). Isobars were described by means of implicit functions of q. The proof was based on the analysis of these functions in a complex domain and used computer algebra tools. Here we present a much simpler proof examining the above mentioned functions in a real domain only.  相似文献   

基于植物波谱特征的城市环境效应研究     

葛晓立  刘素红  李奇 《国土资源遥感》2009,(4):53-56

在苏州城市环境地球化学特征研究基础上,利用苋菜、四季豆及油菜等3种不同植物的光谱特征,研究苏州城市环境效应。研究结果显示,在苏州土壤环境污染区域,植物光谱呈现可见光绿光波段反射率升高、红谷变浅、红边蓝移等变化特征;苋菜在3种植物中可成为植物光谱效应用于城市环境地球化学质量研究的理想指示植物。  相似文献   

TOGA-COAREIOP海表通量估算   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

姚华栋  李骥  丁一汇 《气象学报》1996,54(6):693-708

使用ＴＯＧＡ－ＣＯＡＲＥＩＯＰ１９９２年１１月５日至１９９３年２月１９日向阳红５号海上船舶（２°Ｓ，１５６°Ｅ）观测资料，通过３种不同的总体方法估算了这个点的海表面通量。首先得出一个中性拖曳系数和风速之间的准线性关系，然后用迭代法处理依赖于稳定度的拖曳系数和输送系数，在此基础上计算了动量、感热和潜热通量。在暖池区与西风相对应的通量远大于东信风相对应的通量，海表通量的量值也依赖于稳定度，特别是在弱风条件下。估算的海表净热量平衡表明从海洋向大气大量的热输送主要是由潜热通量和有效长波辐射产生的。其中潜热通量的数值最大、感热通量数值最小。最后和同期日本Ｒ／ＶＨａｋｕｈｏ考察船（０°，１５６°Ｅ）用涡动相关法得到的直接测量通量比较，作了精确度分析，表明用总体方法估算的通量是可靠的。并用向阳红５号船的资料估算的有效长波辐射和直接测量值作了比较，也和热带西太平洋ＴＯＧＡ调查作了比较分析。  相似文献   

利用GPS掩星结果预测对海雷达探测范围     

袁峰华  边少锋 《海洋测绘》2007,27(5):1-3

主要研究利用GPS掩星观测得到的大气垂直折射率分布梯度来计算考虑大气折射情况下的地球等效半径,从而根据雷达探测距离公式对雷达探测范围进行预计。从GPS掩星结果与雷达探测距离公式的联系入手,从原理上介绍了所提出方法的思路,并阐述了方法的可行性。  相似文献   

Spectral analysis and earthquake scaling of the Petatlan earthquake (M s =7.6) aftershocks,recorded at stations along the pacific coast and between the coast and Mexico City     

Carlos Valdés-González  Robert P. Meyer 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1996,147(4):631-656

Spectral parameters have been estimated for 214 Petatlan aftershocks recorded at stations between Petatlan and Mexico City and between Petatlan and Acapulco. The spectral parameters were used to obtain empirical relations for the estimation of seismic moment from coda length and fromM _L . Stress drops, using Brune's model, were calculated for these aftershocks. Six events with large stress drop are located within a previously suggested asperity, and seven more suggest a boundary zone at the intersection of the Petatlan and Zihuatanejo aftershock rupture volumes. Stress drops increase with increasing seismic moment up to 10²⁰ dyne-cm but appear to be constant at greater moment values. The peak horizontal velocity times distance of aftershocks recorded near the coast and between the coast and Mexico City (30 to 270 km away), scales linearly with seismic moment, and predicts well the peak horizontal values of large (M _s 7.0) coastal thrust events recorded on rock sites at Mexico City. Peak horizontal velocity is a straightforward measurement, thus this relation allows us to evaluate expected ground motion between the Pacific coast and Mexico City from the seismic moment of subduction related earthquakes along the coast.  相似文献   

Estimating the components of the sensible heat budget of a tall forest canopy in complex terrain     

U. Moderow  C. Feigenwinter  C. Bernhofer 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(1):99-120

Ultrasonic wind measurements, sonic temperature and air temperature data at two heights in the advection experiment MORE II were used to establish a complete budget of sensible heat including vertical advection, horizontal advection and horizontal turbulent flux divergence. MORE II took place at the long-term Carbo-Europe IP site in Tharandt, Germany. During the growing period of 2003 three additional towers were established to measure all relevant parameters for an estimation of advective fluxes, primarily of CO₂. Additionally, in relation to other advection experiments, a calculation of the horizontal turbulent flux divergence is proposed and the relation of this flux to atmospheric stability and friction velocity is discussed. In order to obtain a complete budget, different scaling heights for horizontal advection and horizontal turbulent flux divergence are tested. It is shown that neglecting advective fluxes may lead to incorrect results. If advective fluxes are taken into account, the sensible heat budget based upon vertical turbulent flux and storage change only, is reduced by approximately 30%. Additional consideration of horizontal turbulent flux divergence would in turn add 5–10% to this sum (i.e., the sum of vertical turbulent flux plus storage change plus horizontal and vertical advection). In comparison with available energy horizontal advection is important at night whilst horizontal turbulent flux divergence is rather insignificant. Obviously, advective fluxes typically improve poor nighttime energy budget closure and might change ecosystem respiration fluxes considerably.  相似文献   

河西地区地表感热特征分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李振朝  韦志刚  吕世华  符睿 《高原气象》2007,26(2):293-299

利用河西地区13个测站的资料和金塔试验资料,通过聚类分析和小波分析等研究方法,分析了河西地区地表感热的变化特征,结果表明:河西地区13个站感热输送的最大值一般出现在5月或6月,最小值出现在12月。3~4月份普遍急剧增大,在10~11月急剧减少。近50年间,河西地区大部分台站春季感热输送呈上升趋势,夏季呈明显的下降趋势。春季感热通量的主要显著性周期为3年。河西地区中部春季感热变化与风速、地气温差变化的相关关系都比较好,在河西西部春季感热变化与风速的相关关系较好,而在河西东部春季感热变化与地气温差的相关关系较好。  相似文献   

三种高寒草甸植被分布及与湍流交换通量关系的比较     

李英年  古松  赵新全  赵亮  徐世晓 《山地学报》2007,25(1):39-44

对海北定位站分布的金露梅灌丛草甸、矮嵩草草甸、藏嵩草沼泽化草甸3种高寒植被类型群落结构、感热(H)和潜热(LE)通量比较观测表明,3种植被类型年地上净初级生产力表现出矮嵩草草甸(318.600g/m2)>藏嵩草沼泽化草甸(258.341g/m2)>金露梅灌丛草甸(217.695g/m2)。植物种类组成有矮嵩草草甸(54种)>金露梅灌丛草甸(47种)>沼泽草甸(24种)。3种植被类型区近地表大气能量交换过程中,LE和H的月际变化明显,而且随植被类型的不同月际变化差异显著。3种不同植被类型在年内均表现出H LE>0,表明在青海海北高寒草甸地区,太阳辐射强烈,近地层湍流输送明显,地表为一热源。3类型高寒草甸植被的年地上净生产量基本与波文比(β)呈现正效应,与LE H呈现明显的反效应。植物种类组成基本与LE H有反效应,与β呈明显的正效应。  相似文献